从《Truppenführung》中提炼的 Agent 设计哲学

从1933年德军野战手册《Truppenführung》^[1]的任务式指挥（Auftragstaktik）哲学中，提炼出 AI Agent 与 Multi-Agent 系统设计的核心原则

一、Agent 的本质定位

Par.1 — “The conduct of war is an art, depending upon free, creative activity, scientifically grounded.” 战争的进行是一门艺术，依赖自由、创造性的活动，并以科学为基础。

启发： Agent 不应是纯粹的规则引擎，而应是科学基础上的创造性行动者。刚性的规则系统不够，需要在原则框架内的自由发挥。

二、不确定性是常态

Par.3 — “Situations in war are of unlimited variety. They change often and suddenly and only rarely are from the first discernible. Incalculable elements are often of great influence. The independent will of the enemy is pitted against ours. Friction and mistakes are of every day occurrence.” 战争中的情境种类繁多，经常突然变化，极少从一开始就能察觉。不可计算的因素往往具有巨大影响。摩擦和错误是每天都在发生的事。

启发： Agent 必须被设计为容忍不确定性和错误的系统。环境是对抗性的、不可完全预测的，不能假设完美信息。

三、简单性原则

Par.4 — “The principles so enunciated must be employed dependent upon the situation. Simplicity of conduct, logically carried through, will most surely attain the objective.” 原则必须根据具体情况运用。行为的简单化，逻辑上贯彻，必然能达到目标。

启发： Agent 的策略应追求简洁而连贯，不要过度复杂化。简单的方案一贯执行，胜过复杂但脆弱的方案。

四、对 Agent 领导者（编排者）的要求

Par.6 — “Leaders of good judgment, clear thinking and far seeing, leaders with independence and decisive resolution, leaders with perseverance and energy, leaders not emotionally moved by the varying fortunes of war, leaders with a high sense of responsibility.” 需要具备良好判断力、清晰思维和远见卓识的领导者，具备独立和果断决断，具有毅力和精力，不会因变化而情绪化，具有高度责任感。

启发： Orchestrator Agent 应具备：判断力、远见、果断、稳定性、责任感。不因中间结果波动而频繁改变策略。

五、自主性与服从的平衡（Auftragstaktik / 任务式指挥）

Par.9 — “Willing and joyful acceptance of responsibility is the distinguishing characteristic of leadership… Independence of action should never be based upon contrariness. Independence of action, properly used, is often the basis of great success.” 乐于且喜悦地接受责任是领导力的显著特征。行动的独立性绝不应建立在对立之上。行动的独立性，只要正确运用，往往是取得巨大成功的基础。

启发： Sub-agent 应主动承担责任并独立行动，但这种独立不是任意妄为，而是在理解整体目标后的自主判断。这是 multi-agent 架构的核心哲学。

六、果断行动优于完美等待

Par.15 — “The first demand in war is decisive action. Everyone must be aware that omissions and neglects incriminate him more severely than the mistake of choice of means.” 战争中的首要要求是果断行动。疏忽和不作为比手段选择的错误更严重。

Par.36 — “Obscurity of the situation is the rule. To wait in tense situations for information, is seldom a token of strong leadership, often of weakness.” 情况的模糊性是常态。在紧张局势中等待信息，往往不是强有力领导的象征，反而是软弱的表现。

启发： Agent 应倾向于行动而非无限等待完美信息。在信息不完整时也要做出决策。不行动（omission）往往比错误行动更有害。

七、任务导向与灵活适应

Par.36 — “The mission designates the objective to be attained. The leader must never forget his mission.” 任务明确了要实现的目标。领导者绝不能忘记他的使命。

Par.37 — “Should the mission no longer suffice as the fundamental of conduct or is it changed by events, the decision must take these considerations into account. He who changes his mission or does not execute the one given must report his actions at once and assumes all responsibility.” 如果任务不再是行为的基本原则，或者因事件而改变，决策必须考虑这些因素。改变任务者必须立即报告并承担全部责任。

启发： Agent 应始终锚定在任务目标上，但当环境剧变使原始指令不再适用时，应有能力自主调整并汇报。这比盲目执行过时指令更好。

八、决策的坚定与灵活

Par.37 — “Without very good reasons a decision once made should not be abandoned. However, in the vicissitudes of war an inflexible maintenance of the original decision may lead to great mistakes. Timely recognition of the conditions which call for a new decision is an attribute of the art of leadership.” 没有充分理由，一旦做出的决定不应被放弃。然而，死守原定决定可能导致重大错误。及时识别需要新决策的条件，是领导艺术的特质。

启发： Agent 应坚持已做的决策避免来回摇摆，但同时保持元认知能力——识别什么时候需要真正改变方向。

九、资源集中与取舍

Par.28 — “We never have at our disposal all the desired forces for the decisive action. He who will be secure everywhere or who fixes forces in secondary tasks acts contrary to the fundamental.” 我们从未拥有所有需要的力量。那些在任何地方都追求安全或在次要任务中固定力量的人，违背了根本原则。

启发： Agent 的资源（token、时间、工具调用）是有限的，必须集中力量于关键任务，不能平均分配。要敢于在次要方向”不安全”。

十、速度与奇袭的价值

Par.28 — “The weaker force, through speed, mobility… surprise and deception, can be the stronger at the decisive area.” 较弱的部队通过速度、机动性、出其不意，在决定性区域可以更强大。

Par.32 — “Surprise of the enemy is a decisive factor in a success.” 对敌人的突袭是决定性因素。

启发： Agent 不必在所有维度上都最强，速度和时机选择可以弥补能力差距。率先到达正确的解空间比完美但迟缓更有价值。

十一、命令（Prompt）的设计原则

Par.73 — “An order shall contain all that is necessary for the lower commander to know in order for him to execute independently his task. It should contain no more.” 命令应包含下级独立执行任务所需的一切信息，不应再有更多。

Par.74 — “The language of orders must be simple and understandable. Clarity, which eliminates doubts, is more important than correct technique. Clarity must not be sacrificed for brevity.” 命令的语言必须简单易懂。清晰比正确的技巧更重要。清晰不能为了简洁而牺牲。

Par.76 — “If changes in the situation are to be expected… the order should not go into details. The general intention is expressed, the end to be achieved is especially stressed… the immediate conduct is left to subordinate commanders.” 如果预期情况会变化，命令不应详细说明。表达总体意图，特别强调要实现的目标，具体执行由下属负责。

启发： 这是 Prompt Engineering 的黄金法则。给 sub-agent 的 prompt 应该：

• 包含足够信息使其独立行动
• 不过度指定细节
• 在不确定环境中只给意图和目标，不给具体步骤
• 清晰优先于简洁

十二、信息与报告的设计

Par.48 — “The reports and information of the enemy form one of the most important foundations for the estimate of the situation, the decision and its execution.” 报告和信息是判断形势、决策及其执行的最重要基础。

Par.50 — “Information and reports must be discriminately evaluated. Any attempt to deduce what is desired by us or is most favorable to us, must be avoided.” 信息和报告必须审慎评估。必须避免任何试图推断”我们所期望的”或”对我们最有利的”结论的行为。

Par.53 — “The contents and reliability of reports, not their numbers, are the important matter. Reports must calmly depict the events. Exaggerated reports are detrimental, sometimes disastrous.” 报告的内容和可靠性，而非数量，才是关键。报告必须冷静地描绘事件。

启发： Agent 的观测/反馈系统应抵制确认偏误，不应只选择性收集支持自己决策的信息。信息质量重于数量，要避免”hallucination 式”的夸大报告。

十三、预备队 = 保持选择权

Par.47 — “The commander influences the reaction most strongly… through the employment of his reserves.” 指挥官通过调动预备队，对战斗产生最强烈影响。

Par.47 — “He must not let himself employ his reserve too early. Nevertheless he must not delay, if the employment of the reserve can bring about the decision.” 他绝不能过早动用储备。然而，如果预备役的使用能促成决定，他绝不能拖延。

启发： Agent 应保留未承诺的能力/资源（如剩余 token budget、备选工具），不要一开始就全部投入。但当关键时刻来临时要果断全力投入。

十四、观察者位置 = Agent 的注意力

Par.109 — “The personal effect of the commander on the troops is of great importance. He must be near the fighting troops.” 指挥官对部队的个人影响极为重要。他必须在战斗部队附近。

Par.113 — “Should contact with the enemy be imminent, the division commander remains with the advanced guard. It is there the situation first breaks and there can he exert more quickly his influence.” 如果与敌人接触迫在眉睫，师长应留在先头部队中。正是在那里局势首先会破裂，他的影响力可以更快施加。

启发： Orchestrator Agent 的”注意力”应集中在当前最关键的执行节点上，而非均匀分散在所有子任务上。

十五、协作信任是系统根基

Par.8 — “Mutual trust is the surest basis of discipline in necessity and danger.” 相互信任是纪律最稳固的基础。

启发： Multi-agent 系统中，agent 之间的信任协议（可靠的接口约定、可预测的行为）是系统稳健性的基础，比任何监控机制都重要。

总结：Truppenführung 的 Agent 设计十大原则

这本1933年的德军野战手册所阐述的 Auftragstaktik（任务式指挥） 哲学——给下属明确目标和意图，但将执行的自由留给他们——本质上就是现代 multi-agent 系统设计的核心思想。每一个 sub-agent 都应该理解”为什么”而非仅仅”做什么”，从而在环境变化时能自主做出正确判断。

^[1] Truppenführung (H.Dv.300/1, 1933) 英译全文可在 Scribd 上阅读。